Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36–51)
The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are guidelines for the state to establish a just and egalitarian society. They include the right to adequate livelihood (Article 39), equal pay for equal work (39(d)), right to work and education (41), uniform civil code (44), free legal aid (39A), separation of judiciary from executive (50), and promotion of international peace (51).
Unlike Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles are not enforceable by courts. However, they are 'fundamental in the governance of the country' and it is the duty of the state to apply them. They aim to create social and economic conditions under which citizens can lead a good life. They serve as a guide for lawmaking and policy. The courts have held that Fundamental Rights and DPSPs are complementary, and laws implementing DPSPs may be given precedence over certain fundamental rights.
Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Minerva Mills v. Union of India
1980The Supreme Court held that the harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is a basic feature of the Constitution.
Impact: Established that neither Fundamental Rights nor Directive Principles can be destroyed, and both must be balanced.